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This wiki called Shakespear is cool, has been created by Rehan, Mattia, Aidan, Gautam. Obviously this wiki is about William Shakespeare.
 * __William Shakespeare__**

__**William Shakespeare's life:**__
He was born in April 1564 in the town of Stratford-upon-Avon, on England's Avon river. He was an English poet and playwright, known as the greates writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. When he was 18, he married Anne-Hathaway, they had 3 children; Shakespeare's only son died in childhood. WIlliam, spended most of his life at the theatre of London, were he became a proffesional in the early 1590s. He enjoyed succes not only has a playwright but as an actor and shareholder in an acting company. Between 1610 and 1613 Shakespeare is thought to retire from stage and return to Statford, where he died on 23 April 1616. William Shakespare memorial took place at the Holy Trinity Church in Stratford.

William Shakespeare memorial bust.

=__//**England Between 1590-1610**//__ //**By Rehan Ansari 7.10**//=

During this Period,England was ruled by Queen Elizabeth 1.The Elizabethan period occurred in the age of the renaissance. The English Renaissance was at its greatest height during the Elizabethan era. In fact, the most popular writers in history, including Shakespeare made many of his works during the Elizabethan age.Given below are some of the Famous historical figures of that time with their details and the daily life with the arts and architecture of that time.(also includes short biography of Queen Elizabeth.) **__//Important People of Elizabethan England//__**

1.Elizabeth 1 Elizabeth I was 25 years old when she became Queen of England in 1558. Her 45-year reign, which ended with her death in 1603, saw England's emergence as a nation of tremendous political power and unparalleled cultural achievement. Because so much of this English renaissance was directly attributable to Elizabeth's personal character and influence (as well as to the unprecedented length of her reign), it is appropriate that the last half of the sixteenth century in England is identified as the Elizabethan Period.

2.Bloody Mary Queen Mary I of England was born February 18, 1516, the daughter of King Henry VIII and his first of six wives, Catherine of Aragon. Mary was the only child from that union to survive infancy. She reigned as Queen of England from July 19, 1553 until her death on November 17, 1558.Video link below:

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__//**Everyday Life**//__

__1.Food__

__Meats and Spices__ The people of england in the 15 century ate many different things mixed with herbs and spices like cloves,garlic,pepper,cinnamon,ginger and galingale.They added spices and herbs to food so that they could be delicious.Sometimes the meats including the fish they ate were not fresh and spices had to be added to foods to make them delicious.They ate different meats like mutton,pork,beef,veal and fishes like pike,carp,eels and other fish.they also ate a lot of eggs and used them in every possible way.With eggs they could cook things like omlettes,fritters,pancakes and other things.Eggs were also used as thickeners in sauces. __Breads__ They also ate a lot of bread.Bread was also known as the staff of life.The darker breads they ate were cocket,cheat or whole grain. __Beverages__ They drank different beverages like ale,red wine,white wine,beer,metheglin and cider. __Breakfast,Dinner__ The breakfast they ate consisted of bread,wine,beer,sprats and herring. The dinner they ate consisted of salads,meats and fruits.And for desserts they ate jellies,pies,cakes and pudding. __Diets__ Sometimes they also went on diets.Then they ate bread,cheese,beer and eggs. __Dried Fruits__. They ate different dry fruits like prunes,raisins and dried apricots.



__2.Entertainment__ Since there was no modern technology the elizabethans had an elaborate system of events and activities to keep themselves entertained.The Elizabethans were expressive,eloquent,ostantanious,pleasure-loving,not industrious or hard-working,bold,self-confident,fearless of death,mercurial,inconsistent,loving change and passionate.The Elizabethans made great achievements in culture,especially in drama and music.They liked to ly their own music and the servants/maids would sing while working.The people would sing songs or play musical instruments after meals.They also liked the sound of the ringing of the church bells.They just loved music.Since there was no technology to record it, the music had to be performed.The official musicians,also called waits,gave free public concerts.The rich people however,liked to hire musicians to play for them during meals.They also liked dancing and mostly danced in couples.The upper class favored courtly dances and the ordinary people preferred traditional country dances.They were different kinds of dances and most of them had French or Italian names.Some of them were The pavane,cassamezza,lavolta,cornto and galliard.The Elizabethans considered dance performances activities for exercise of the body and activities for fun and entertainment.The Elizabethan age drama was Achieving many cultural achievements.The plays they performed were in categories.Some of them were-Action,violence,humor and plays with musical interludes.The first Elizabethan theater was built in 1576.Popular playwrights were William Shakespeare,Christopher Marlow and Ben Johnson.And as for they events,they also enjoyed feasts and festivals.The Elizabethans had something every season of the year that would bring them together to celebrate. During festivals feasts and carnivals were held. They were many festivals like Shrove Tuesday, the May Day celebration, Easter time, The St.John the Baptists festival, mid-summer's eve and Christmas. These were the festivals that were held throughout the yea.

__3 .Sports__ Sports were a major part of the lives of the Elizabethans.They played indoor and outdoor games.Indoor games included of dice.chess,checkers and different varieties of card games.Cad games they played included of primero,trump,new cut,gleek and many others.Sometimes,the indoor and cards games were too easy and passive for men,so they used wrestling as heir alternative.Wrestling mostly gave results like broken bones and ribs,internal injuries and broken necks. The outdoor sports and games they played consisted of golf, fishing horse racing,shovel-board,fishing,sliding, hunting,fencing, dueling,cricket,tennis,bowling, archery and football.They mostly played sports in fields.If they could not fields,they played on they roads and streets.All the classes of society enjoyed hunting. With the help of dogs,hawks and horses,they could hunt rabbits,deer and other animals,wildlife. __4.Clothing__ Clothing was a very significant part of their lives.It included the fashion Queen Elizabeth maintained.People also wore good jewelry withe their clothing.There was a law called 'Statues of Apparel ' it made the people remember that they had to maintain their standard and fashion in order to preserve their status.It was a part of social order and showed if someone was rich or poor.The people of standard or middle class wore clothes made of cotton and leather,while the upper class wore clothes made of silk,satin and velvet.All classes wore clothes made of wool.The brighter and more colorful clothes were worn by the upper class and the less brighter and colorful were worn by the lower or middle class.The women wore clothes like gowns,underclothing,ruffs,hats, collars and shoes.The rich women wore thick petticoats,skirts and corsets.The men wore doublets,underclothing,ruffs,collars,hats and shoes.The woman added fancy jewelry to their clothing to look beautiful and elegant.

__5.Medicinal Practices and Diseases.__ The beliefs, practices, and medical problems of the sixteenth century were very different from those of today.The Elizabethan Era did not have so much technology and failed to treat their patients with good care and medicines.This happened as they did not know much and did not have so much technology.Also,the lack of sanitation increased the risk of death and the disease getting worse.The people ate cows and pigs which ate garbage and other dirty things which increased the risk.Some people could not be treated well because of economic reasons.They did not have much money to get treated which lead to their death.The doctors would be wearing strange and horrible masks as they could not afford to catch the disease themselves.One of the most disease of that time was bubonic plague.There were different things which could be used to cure it-tobacco,dried toad,onion,toad,garlic,lily root and arsenic were used as well.This lead to the shortage of their life span.The people would die in the middle of 30 and 40 years and sometimes die in their teens.The main reason of their death would be the lack of sanitation and attack of dangerous diseases and plagues like typhus,small pox, chicken pox,bubonic plague,scarlet fever, diphtheria,syphyllis,dental diseases which could cause death etc.and the things which were used to cure them were-cinchona,mercury,roasted onions,tails of black tomcats etc.

__6.Crime and Punishment.__ The people who committed crime and were criminals,had very cruel punishments awaiting them.The people who committed different crimes,were labeled with different code names.The pillary was one way which showed or displayed the criminals in the markets and punished them.The crimes at that time when compared,can be called cruel and harsh.There were many criminals with different types.They were-Authors and writers whose work offended the government,dishonest butchers,adulterers,dice coggers,forestallers,liars,cutpurses,forgers,liberers,passers off of lattern ring for gold, and thieves.The pillaries which were used to punish them were of two kinds-Normal pillaries for their hands and neck and finger pillaries.When the criminals were locked in the normal pillaries they were left there to starve or were whipped.The finger pillaries caused great pain when the criminals fingers were locked in them.Other cruelways of punishing and killing them were,boiling,burning,drowning,cutting, beheading,crushing and hanging them.

__7.Arts__ Queen Elizabeth loved arts and mainly portraits and miniatures.People had a liking for elaborate textiles as well as embroidery and also decorated tombs.The people who made portraits of Queen Elizabeth,were encouraged and guided by her.Some artists whom she favored were Nicolas Hillard and Marcus Geeraerts.The artists created full length portraits with great detail and included people with amazing costumes with embroidery,armor,ruffs,hunting gear,lace and weapons. some of the most famous painting were miniatures.The paintings they painted were decorated with silver works,embroidery, grotesque figures, strap work and vegetal forms.They were also good in architecture and designed home interiors and exteriors and decorated them with elaborate reliefs,ornate chimneys,mullions and friezes.The art in Elizabethan England also showed the class of the people.

There are some more links below if you would like to visit/watch them- [] [] [] [] [] [] []

**ELIZABETHAN** **THEATER**

At first plays were performed in courtyards of inns and taverns.
So in 1577 Robert Dudley built a permanent theatre in London. It was a great success and many people attended. It was pretty cheap but if you wanted a seat you had to pay extra. Now, they needed more plays. Will Shakespeare had a major part in writing these. Some were: There were about 19 amphitheatres all over London.
 * Hamlet
 * Romeo and Julliet
 * Merchant of Venice
 * Macbeth
 * Julius Caesar
 * The Theatre
 * The Globe
 * The Hope
 * The Rose

Theatres played a major part in expanding the Elizabethan Empire Women weren't allowed to participate in the plays. So there roles were played by young boys. But unfortunately they were usually closed due to the plague. After the Civil War, the Puritans( Parliamentarians) executed King Charles I and suppressed all stage plays. There were many cruel punishments if they caught you at a play, whipping the attenders, arrested the actors etc. In fact in 1644, the Globe was demolished. The power of the Puritans decline and King Charles II gets back the throne. In 1600- The Restoration, sees the opening of all theaters. ( the Globe was rebuilt )

Question 2 Tragedies:Play "Othello" Main characterdies Has a sad ending serious tone character is of noble birth main character is generally well respected Usually a couple of these things(pride, jealousy, anger, greed) Main character makes choices the lead to their death several conflicts that link

History:Play "King John" Dark serious mood several conflicts that are important main character(s) is the one who makes the big decisions main character does something big Usually a couple of these things(anger,revenge,greed,good intentions,power)

Comedy:Play "All's Well that End's Well" A greater emphasis on situations than characters (this numbs the audience's connection to the characters, so that when characters experience misfortune, the audience still finds it laughable) A struggle of young lovers to overcome difficulty, often presented by elders Separation and re-unification Deception among characters (especially mistaken identity) A clever servant Tension between characters, often within a family Use of all styles of comedy (slapstick, puns, dry humor, earthy humor, witty banter, practical jokes) Happy Ending usually a couple of these things(revenge,power,clumsiness,mistakes)

The difference between these plays is that some of them are funny and enjoyable, some of them are interesting, some of them are sad. But it all depends on the person who is watching it because different people like different things.